一个3D模型（译）

import numpy as np
from OpenGL.GL import *
from OpenGL.GLU import *
from OpenGL.GLUT import *


class Viewer(object):
    def __init__(self):
        """ Initialize the viewer. """
        self.init_interface()
        self.init_opengl()
        self.init_scene()
        self.init_interaction()
        init_primitives()

    def init_interface(self):
        """ initialize the window and register the render function """
        glutInit()
        glutInitWindowSize(640, 480)
        glutCreateWindow("3D Modeller")
        glutInitDisplayMode(GLUT_SINGLE | GLUT_RGB)
        glutDisplayFunc(self.render)

    def init_opengl(self):
        """ initialize the opengl setting to render the scene """
        self.inverseModelView = np.identity(4)
        self.modelView = np.identity(4)

        glEnable(GL_CULL_FACE)
        glCullFace(GL_BACK)
        glEnable(GL_DEPTH_TEST)
        glDepthFunc(GL_LESS)

        glEnable(GL_LIGHT0)
        glLightfv(GL_LIGHT0, GL_POSITION, GLfloat_4(0, 0, 1, 0))
        glLightfv(GL_LIGHT0, GL_SPOT_DIRECTION, GLfloat_3(0, 0, -1))

        glColorMaterial(GL_FRONT_AND_BACK, GL_AMBIENT_AND_DIFFUSE)
        glEnable(GL_COLOR_MATERIAL)
        glClearColor(0.4, 0.4, 0.4, 0.0)

    def init_scene(self):
        """ initialize the scene object and initial scene """
        self.scene = Scene()
        self.create_sample_scene()

    def create_sample_scene(self):
        cube_node = Cube()
        cube_node.translate(2, 0, 2)
        cube_node.color_index = 2
        self.scene.add_node(cube_node)

        sphere_node = Sphere()
        sphere_node.translate(-2, 0, 2)
        sphere_node.color_index = 3
        self.scene.add_node(sphere_node)

        hierarchical_node = SnowFigure()
        hierarchical_node.translate(-2, 0, -2)
        self.scene.add_node(hierarchical_node)

    def init_interaction(self):
        """ init user interaction and callbacks """
        self.interaction.register_callback('pick', self.pick)
        self.interaction.register_callback('move', self.move)
        self.interaction.register_callback('place', self.place)
        self.interaction.register_callback('rotate_color', self.rotate_color)
        self.interaction.register_callback('scale', self.scale)

    def main_loop(self):
        glutMainLoop()

if __name__ == '__main__':
    viewer = Viewer()
    viewer.main_loop()

    # class Viewer
    def render(self):
        """ The render pass for the scene """
        self.init_view()

        glEnable(GL_LIGHTING)
        glClear(GL_COLOR_BUFFER_BIT | GL_DEPTH_BUFFER_BIT)

        # Load the modelview matrix from the current state of the trackball
        glMatrixMode(GL_MODELVIEW)
        glPushMatrix()
        glLoadIdentity()
        loc = self.interaction.translation
        glTranslated(loc[0], loc[1], loc[2])
        glMultMatrixf(self.interaction.trackball.matrix)

        # store the inverse of the current modelview.
        currentModelView = numpy.array(glGetFloatv(GL_MODELVIEW_MATRIX))
        self.modelView = numpy.transpose(currentModelView)
        self.inverseModelView = inv(numpy.transpose(currentModelView))

        # render the scene. This will call the render function for each object
        # in the scene
        self.scene.render()

        # draw the grid
        glDisable(GL_LIGHTING)
        glCallList(G_OBJ_PLANE)
        glPopMatrix()

        # flush the buffers so that the scene can be drawn
        glFlush()

    def init_view(self):
        """ initialize the projection matrix """
        xSize, ySize = glutGet(GLUT_WINDOW_WIDTH), glutGet(GLUT_WINDOW_HEIGHT)
        aspect_ratio = float(xSize) / float(ySize)

        # load the projection matrix. Always the same
        glMatrixMode(GL_PROJECTION)
        glLoadIdentity()

        glViewport(0, 0, xSize, ySize)
        gluPerspective(70, aspect_ratio, 0.1, 1000.0)
        glTranslated(0, 0, -15)

class Scene(object):

    # the default depth from the camera to place an object at
    PLACE_DEPTH = 15.0

    def __init__(self):
        # The scene keeps a list of nodes that are displayed
        self.node_list = list()
        # Keep track of the currently selected node.
        # Actions may depend on whether or not something is selected
        self.selected_node = None

    def add_node(self, node):
        """ Add a new node to the scene """
        self.node_list.append(node)

    def render(self):
        """ Render the scene. """
        for node in self.node_list:
            node.render()

class Node(object):
    """ Base class for scene elements """
    def __init__(self):
        self.color_index = random.randint(color.MIN_COLOR, color.MAX_COLOR)
        self.aabb = AABB([0.0, 0.0, 0.0], [0.5, 0.5, 0.5])
        self.translation_matrix = numpy.identity(4)
        self.scaling_matrix = numpy.identity(4)
        self.selected = False

    def render(self):
        """ renders the item to the screen """
        glPushMatrix()
        glMultMatrixf(numpy.transpose(self.translation_matrix))
        glMultMatrixf(self.scaling_matrix)
        cur_color = color.COLORS[self.color_index]
        glColor3f(cur_color[0], cur_color[1], cur_color[2])
        if self.selected:  # emit light if the node is selected
            glMaterialfv(GL_FRONT, GL_EMISSION, [0.3, 0.3, 0.3])

        self.render_self()

        if self.selected:
            glMaterialfv(GL_FRONT, GL_EMISSION, [0.0, 0.0, 0.0])
        glPopMatrix()

    def render_self(self):
        raise NotImplementedError(
            "The Abstract Node Class doesn't define 'render_self'")

class Primitive(Node):
    def __init__(self):
        super(Primitive, self).__init__()
        self.call_list = None

    def render_self(self):
        glCallList(self.call_list)


class Sphere(Primitive):
    """ Sphere primitive """
    def __init__(self):
        super(Sphere, self).__init__()
        self.call_list = G_OBJ_SPHERE


class Cube(Primitive):
    """ Cube primitive """
    def __init__(self):
        super(Cube, self).__init__()
        self.call_list = G_OBJ_CUBE

class HierarchicalNode(Node):
    def __init__(self):
        super(HierarchicalNode, self).__init__()
        self.child_nodes = []

    def render_self(self):
        for child in self.child_nodes:
            child.render()

class SnowFigure(HierarchicalNode):
    def __init__(self):
        super(SnowFigure, self).__init__()
        self.child_nodes = [Sphere(), Sphere(), Sphere()]
        self.child_nodes[0].translate(0, -0.6, 0) # scale 1.0
        self.child_nodes[1].translate(0, 0.1, 0)
        self.child_nodes[1].scaling_matrix = numpy.dot(
            self.scaling_matrix, scaling([0.8, 0.8, 0.8]))
        self.child_nodes[2].translate(0, 0.75, 0)
        self.child_nodes[2].scaling_matrix = numpy.dot(
            self.scaling_matrix, scaling([0.7, 0.7, 0.7]))
        for child_node in self.child_nodes:
            child_node.color_index = color.MIN_COLOR
        self.aabb = AABB([0.0, 0.0, 0.0], [0.5, 1.1, 0.5])

class Interaction(object):
    def __init__(self):
        """ Handles user interaction """
        # currently pressed mouse button
        self.pressed = None
        # the current location of the camera
        self.translation = [0, 0, 0, 0]
        # the trackball to calculate rotation
        self.trackball = trackball.Trackball(theta = -25, distance=15)
        # the current mouse location
        self.mouse_loc = None
        # Unsophisticated callback mechanism
        self.callbacks = defaultdict(list)

        self.register()

    def register(self):
        """ register callbacks with glut """
        glutMouseFunc(self.handle_mouse_button)
        glutMotionFunc(self.handle_mouse_move)
        glutKeyboardFunc(self.handle_keystroke)
        glutSpecialFunc(self.handle_keystroke)

    # class Interaction
    def translate(self, x, y, z):
        """ translate the camera """
        self.translation[0] += x
        self.translation[1] += y
        self.translation[2] += z

    def handle_mouse_button(self, button, mode, x, y):
        """ Called when the mouse button is pressed or released """
        xSize, ySize = glutGet(GLUT_WINDOW_WIDTH), glutGet(GLUT_WINDOW_HEIGHT)
        y = ySize - y  # invert the y coordinate because OpenGL is inverted
        self.mouse_loc = (x, y)

        if mode == GLUT_DOWN:
            self.pressed = button
            if button == GLUT_RIGHT_BUTTON:
                pass
            elif button == GLUT_LEFT_BUTTON:  # pick
                self.trigger('pick', x, y)
            elif button == 3:  # scroll up
                self.translate(0, 0, 1.0)
            elif button == 4:  # scroll up
                self.translate(0, 0, -1.0)
        else:  # mouse button release
            self.pressed = None
        glutPostRedisplay()

    def handle_mouse_move(self, x, screen_y):
        """ Called when the mouse is moved """
        xSize, ySize = glutGet(GLUT_WINDOW_WIDTH), glutGet(GLUT_WINDOW_HEIGHT)
        y = ySize - screen_y  # invert the y coordinate because OpenGL is inverted
        if self.pressed is not None:
            dx = x - self.mouse_loc[0]
            dy = y - self.mouse_loc[1]
            if self.pressed == GLUT_RIGHT_BUTTON and self.trackball is not None:
                # ignore the updated camera loc because we want to always
                # rotate around the origin
                self.trackball.drag_to(self.mouse_loc[0], self.mouse_loc[1], dx, dy)
            elif self.pressed == GLUT_LEFT_BUTTON:
                self.trigger('move', x, y)
            elif self.pressed == GLUT_MIDDLE_BUTTON:
                self.translate(dx/60.0, dy/60.0, 0)
            else:
                pass
            glutPostRedisplay()
        self.mouse_loc = (x, y)

    def handle_keystroke(self, key, x, screen_y):
        """ Called on keyboard input from the user """
        xSize, ySize = glutGet(GLUT_WINDOW_WIDTH), glutGet(GLUT_WINDOW_HEIGHT)
        y = ySize - screen_y
        if key == 's':
            self.trigger('place', 'sphere', x, y)
        elif key == 'c':
            self.trigger('place', 'cube', x, y)
        elif key == GLUT_KEY_UP:
            self.trigger('scale', up=True)
        elif key == GLUT_KEY_DOWN:
            self.trigger('scale', up=False)
        elif key == GLUT_KEY_LEFT:
            self.trigger('rotate_color', forward=True)
        elif key == GLUT_KEY_RIGHT:
            self.trigger('rotate_color', forward=False)
        glutPostRedisplay()

    # class Interaction
    def register_callback(self, name, func):
        self.callbacks[name].append(func)

    # class Interaction
    def trigger(self, name, *args, **kwargs):
        for func in self.callbacks[name]:
            func(*args, **kwargs)

self.trackball.drag_to(self.mouse_loc[0], self.mouse_loc[1], dx, dy)

    # class Viewer
    def get_ray(self, x, y):
        """
        Generate a ray beginning at the near plane, in the direction that
        the x, y coordinates are facing

        Consumes: x, y coordinates of mouse on screen
        Return: start, direction of the ray
        """
        self.init_view()

        glMatrixMode(GL_MODELVIEW)
        glLoadIdentity()

        # get two points on the line.
        start = numpy.array(gluUnProject(x, y, 0.001))
        end = numpy.array(gluUnProject(x, y, 0.999))

        # convert those points into a ray
        direction = end - start
        direction = direction / norm(direction)

        return (start, direction)

    def pick(self, x, y):
        """ Execute pick of an object. Selects an object in the scene. """
        start, direction = self.get_ray(x, y)
        self.scene.pick(start, direction, self.modelView)

    # class Scene
    def pick(self, start, direction, mat):
        """
        Execute selection.

        start, direction describe a Ray.
        mat is the inverse of the current modelview matrix for the scene.
        """
        if self.selected_node is not None:
            self.selected_node.select(False)
            self.selected_node = None

        # Keep track of the closest hit.
        mindist = sys.maxint
        closest_node = None
        for node in self.node_list:
            hit, distance = node.pick(start, direction, mat)
            if hit and distance < mindist:
                mindist, closest_node = distance, node

        # If we hit something, keep track of it.
        if closest_node is not None:
            closest_node.select()
            closest_node.depth = mindist
            closest_node.selected_loc = start + direction * mindist
            self.selected_node = closest_node

    # class Node
    def pick(self, start, direction, mat):
        """
        Return whether or not the ray hits the object

        Consume:
        start, direction form the ray to check
        mat is the modelview matrix to transform the ray by
        """

        # transform the modelview matrix by the current translation
        newmat = numpy.dot(
            numpy.dot(mat, self.translation_matrix),
            numpy.linalg.inv(self.scaling_matrix)
        )
        results = self.aabb.ray_hit(start, direction, newmat)
        return results

    def select(self, select=None):
       """ Toggles or sets selected state """
       if select is not None:
           self.selected = select
       else:
           self.selected = not self.selected

    # class Viewer
    def move(self, x, y):
        """ Execute a move command on the scene. """
        start, direction = self.get_ray(x, y)
        self.scene.move_selected(start, direction, self.inverseModelView)

    def rotate_color(self, forward):
        """
        Rotate the color of the selected Node.
        Boolean 'forward' indicates direction of rotation.
        """
        self.scene.rotate_selected_color(forward)

    def scale(self, up):
        """ Scale the selected Node. Boolean up indicates scaling larger."""
        self.scene.scale_selected(up)

    # class Scene
    def rotate_selected_color(self, forwards):
        """ Rotate the color of the currently selected node """
        if self.selected_node is None: return
        self.selected_node.rotate_color(forwards)

    # class Node
    def rotate_color(self, forwards):
        self.color_index += 1 if forwards else -1
        if self.color_index > color.MAX_COLOR:
            self.color_index = color.MIN_COLOR
        if self.color_index < color.MIN_COLOR:
            self.color_index = color.MAX_COLOR

    # class Scene
    def scale_selected(self, up):
        """ Scale the current selection """
        if self.selected_node is None: return
        self.selected_node.scale(up)

    # class Node
    def scale(self, up):
        s =  1.1 if up else 0.9
        self.scaling_matrix = numpy.dot(self.scaling_matrix, scaling([s, s, s]))
        self.aabb.scale(s)

    # class Scene
    def move_selected(self, start, direction, inv_modelview):
        """
        Move the selected node, if there is one.

        Consume:
        start, direction describes the Ray to move to
        mat is the modelview matrix for the scene
        """
        if self.selected_node is None: return

        # Find the current depth and location of the selected node
        node = self.selected_node
        depth = node.depth
        oldloc = node.selected_loc

        # The new location of the node is the same depth along the new ray
        newloc = (start + direction * depth)

        # transform the translation with the modelview matrix
        translation = newloc - oldloc
        pre_tran = numpy.array([translation[0], translation[1], translation[2], 0])
        translation = inv_modelview.dot(pre_tran)

        # translate the node and track its location
        node.translate(translation[0], translation[1], translation[2])
        node.selected_loc = newloc

    # class Node
    def translate(self, x, y, z):
        self.translation_matrix = numpy.dot(
            self.translation_matrix,
            translation([x, y, z]))

    # class Viewer
    def place(self, shape, x, y):
        """ Execute a placement of a new primitive into the scene. """
        start, direction = self.get_ray(x, y)
        self.scene.place(shape, start, direction, self.inverseModelView)

    # class Scene
    def place(self, shape, start, direction, inv_modelview):
        """
        Place a new node.

        Consume:
        shape the shape to add
        start, direction describes the Ray to move to
        inv_modelview is the inverse modelview matrix for the scene
        """
        new_node = None
        if shape == 'sphere': new_node = Sphere()
        elif shape == 'cube': new_node = Cube()
        elif shape == 'figure': new_node = SnowFigure()

        self.add_node(new_node)

        # place the node at the cursor in camera-space
        translation = (start + direction * self.PLACE_DEPTH)

        # convert the translation to world-space
        pre_tran = numpy.array([translation[0], translation[1], translation[2], 1])
        translation = inv_modelview.dot(pre_tran)

        new_node.translate(translation[0], translation[1], translation[2])